Print Last Night I Dreamt I Went to Manderley Again

1938 novel by Daphne du Maurier

Rebecca

First edition
Author	Daphne du Maurier
Country	U.k.
Language	English language
Genre	Crime, gothic, mystery, romance
Publisher	Victor Gollancz Ltd
Publication date	1938

Rebecca is a 1938 Gothic novel written by English author Daphne du Maurier. The novel depicts an unnamed young woman who impetuously marries a wealthy widower, before discovering that both he and his household are haunted by the retentiveness of his belatedly first wife, the title graphic symbol.

A bestseller which has never gone out of print, Rebecca sold 2.8 million copies between its publication in 1938 and 1965. It has been adapted numerous times for stage and screen, including a 1939 play past du Maurier herself, the flick Rebecca (1940), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and the 2020 remake directed by Ben Wheatley for Netflix.

The novel is remembered particularly^[ane] for the character Mrs. Danvers, the Westward Country manor Manderley, and its opening line: "Last dark I dreamt I went to Manderley again."

Plot [edit]

While working as the companion to a rich American adult female on holiday in Monte Carlo, the unnamed narrator, a naïve young adult female in her early 20s, becomes acquainted with a wealthy Englishman, Maxim de Winter, a 42-year-old widower. Afterward a fortnight of courtship, she agrees to marry him and, after the hymeneals and honeymoon, accompanies him to his mansion in Cornwall, the beautiful estate Manderley.

Mrs. Danvers, the sinister housekeeper, was profoundly devoted to the get-go Mrs de Winter, Rebecca, who died in a sailing accident about a year earlier Proverb and the second Mrs de Winter met. She continually attempts to undermine the narrator psychologically, subtly suggesting to her that she will never achieve the dazzler, urbanity, and amuse her predecessor possessed. Whenever the narrator attempts to make changes at Manderley, Mrs. Danvers describes how Rebecca ran it when she was live. Cowed past Mrs. Danvers' imposing manner and the other members of West Country society'due south unwavering reverence for Rebecca, the narrator becomes isolated.

The narrator is shortly convinced that Maxim regrets his impetuous determination to ally her and is even so deeply in love with the seemingly perfect Rebecca. In an effort to delight him, she revives the Manderley costume ball, a custom Rebecca had instated, with the aid of Mrs. Danvers. On her suggestion, the narrator wears a replica of the dress shown in a portrait of one of the firm'south one-time inhabitants, ignorant of the fact that Rebecca had worn the aforementioned costume to much acclaim shortly before her death. When the narrator enters the hall and Maxim sees the clothes, he angrily orders her to change.

Shortly subsequently the ball, Mrs. Danvers reveals her contempt for the narrator, believing she is trying to replace Rebecca, and reveals her deep, unhealthy obsession with the dead woman. Mrs. Danvers tries to get the narrator to commit suicide by encouraging her to bound out of the window. However, she is interrupted before the narrator does so past the disturbance acquired by a nearby shipwreck. A diver investigating the wrecked ship'southward hull's condition also discovers the remains of Rebecca'due south sailing gunkhole, with her decomposed body still on board, despite Maxim having identified another trunk that had washed ashore soon later Rebecca'south expiry.

This discovery causes Maxim to confess to the narrator that his marriage to Rebecca was a sham. Rebecca, Maxim reveals, was a cruel and selfish adult female who manipulated anybody around her into assertive her to be the perfect wife and a paragon of virtue. On the night of her death, she told Saying that she was pregnant with another human's child, which she would raise nether the pretense that it was Proverb'due south, and he would exist powerless to end her. In a rage, Maxim shot her through the heart, so disposed of her body by placing it in her boat and sinking information technology at sea. The narrator thinks petty of Maxim's murder confession but is relieved to hear that Maxim has always loved her and never Rebecca.

Rebecca'southward boat is raised, and it is discovered to take been deliberately sunk. An inquest brings a verdict of suicide. However, Rebecca's get-go cousin and lover, Jack Favell, attempts to blackmail Maxim, claiming to have proof that she could non have intended suicide based on a note she sent to him the night she died. It is revealed that Rebecca had had an date with a doctor in London before long earlier her decease, presumably to confirm her pregnancy. When the doctor is found, he reveals that Rebecca had cancer and would have died within a few months. Furthermore, due to the malformation of her uterus, she could never have been meaning. Saying assumes that Rebecca, knowing that she would die, manipulated him into killing her quickly. Mrs. Danvers had said later the inquiry that Rebecca feared nada except dying a lingering death.

Proverb feels a peachy sense of foreboding and insists on driving through the nighttime to return to Manderley. However, before he comes in sight of the business firm, information technology is clear from a glow on the horizon and wind-borne ashes that it is ablaze.

Characters [edit]

Main characters [edit]

• The Narrator/the 2nd Mrs de Winter: A timid, naïve, middle-class woman in her early twenties, who enjoys sketching. Neither the narrator'south showtime nor maiden name is revealed. She is referred to as "my wife", "Mrs de Winter", "my dear", and and then on. The one time she is introduced with a proper noun is during a fancy apparel ball, in which she dresses as a de Wintertime antecedent and is introduced as "Caroline de Winter", although this is clearly non her own proper name. She signs her name as "Mrs M. de Winter", using Proverb's initial. Early in the novel she receives a letter of the alphabet and remarks that her name was correctly spelled, which is "an unusual thing," suggesting her proper name is uncommon, foreign or complex. While courting her, Maxim compliments her on her "lovely and unusual name". Despite her timidity, she gradually matures throughout the novel, refusing to be a victim of Rebecca's phantom-similar influence any longer and becoming a strong, believing woman in her own right.
• Maximilian "Maxim" de Winter: The reserved, unemotional possessor of Manderley. He marries his new wife after a brief courtship, even so displays fiddling affection toward her later on the matrimony. Emotionally scarred past his traumatic matrimony to Rebecca, his distance toward his new wife causes her to fear he regrets his marriage to her and is nonetheless haunted past Rebecca'southward death. Saying killed Rebecca after she told him that she was carrying her lover'due south kid, that he would have to raise equally his ain. He does somewhen reveal to his new wife that he never loved Rebecca, but not until several months of union have passed. In the 1940 film adaptation, his total name is George Fortescue Maximilian de Winter.
• Mrs Danvers: The cold, overbearing housekeeper of Manderley. Danvers was Rebecca'south family maid when she was a kid and has lived with her for years. She is unhealthily obsessed with Rebecca and preserving Rebecca'due south memory. She resents the new Mrs de Winter, convinced she is trying to "take Rebecca'southward place". She tries to undermine the new Mrs de Winter, but her efforts fail. After her scheme is ruined, Mrs Danvers patently burns Manderley to the ground, preferring to destroy it than allow Saying to share his domicile with another lover and wife. She is nicknamed Danny which is derived from her concluding name; her first name being unknown or unimportant, just in Sally Beauman's sequel Rebecca's Tale information technology was said to be Edith.
• Rebecca de Winter: The unseen, deceased title character, who has been dead for less than a yr. A famous beauty, and on the surface a devoted wife and perfect hostess, Rebecca was actually unfaithful to her husband Maxim. Her lingering presence overwhelms Manderley, dominating the visitors, the staff and the new Mrs de Winter. Through dialogue, information technology is slowly revealed that Rebecca possessed the signs of a psychopath: habitual lying, superficial charm, practiced manipulation, no conscience and no remorse. She was besides revealed to be somewhat sadistic—Danvers tells a story of Rebecca, during her teenage years, cruelly whipping a horse until it bled.

Recurring characters [edit]

• Frank Crawley: The hard-working, dutiful agent of Manderley. He is said to be Maxim'due south trusted advisor and faithful confidant. He shortly becomes a adept friend to the second Mrs de Wintertime, and helps her in the cocky-doubt of her disability to rule Manderley as its mistress.
• Beatrice Lacy (formerly de Winter): Maxim's wilful and quick-witted sister, who develops an immediate fondness for the new Mrs de Wintertime. Prior to the novel, she had married Giles Lacy. She, along with her brother, is ane of the few people who knew Rebecca's true, vile nature, and was one of her victims: Beatrice's husband was seduced by her.
• Giles Lacy: The slightly slow-witted husband of Beatrice, and Proverb's brother-in-constabulary. He was ane of the many men who fell for Rebecca's charms.
• Frith: The middle-aged, kind and devoted butler at Manderley. He had worked for the de Winters when Proverb'southward late male parent was a male child.

Supporting characters [edit]

• Robert: A footman.
• Mrs. Van Hopper: The narrator's employer at the beginning of the novel, an obnoxious, overbearing American adult female who relentlessly pursues wealthy and famous guests at the various hotels she stays at in club to latch on to their fame and heave her own status through association.
• Clarice: Mrs. de Wintertime's true-blue and trusted maid. She aided her lady and mistress in plumbing equipment her white, frilly gown for the fancy dress ball. She replaces the original maid, Alice, later on.
• Jack Favell: The crafty and sneaky first cousin of the late Rebecca de Winter and her most frequent lover. He and Rebecca grew up together, and he shares many of her worst traits, suggesting insanity runs in their family unit. He is strongly disliked past Maxim and several other characters. Since Rebecca's untimely demise, his one and just true friend and confidante is Mrs. Danvers, whom he calls "Danny", just as Rebecca had done.
• Colonel Julian: The investigator of the inquest into the true cause of Rebecca'due south untimely demise.
• Dr. Bakery: A medico, who specializes in oncology. A few hours prior to her death, Rebecca went to run across him in secret, when he diagnosed her with an unspecified type of cancer.

Location [edit]

• The fictional Hôtel Côte d'Azur, Monte Carlo
• The fictional Manderley, a country estate which du Maurier's editor noted "is every bit much an atmosphere as a tangible erection of stones and mortar"^[2]

Development [edit]

In 1937, Daphne du Maurier signed a three-book deal with Victor Gollancz and accustomed an advance of £1,000.^[2] A 2008 article in The Daily Telegraph indicates she had been toying with the theme of jealousy for the five years since her marriage in 1932.^[2] She started "sluggishly" and wrote a desperate apology to Gollancz: "The outset fifteen,000 words I tore up in disgust and this literary miscarriage has bandage me down rather."^[two]

Her husband, Tommy "Boy" Browning, was Lieutenant Colonel of the Grenadier Guards and they were posted to Alexandria, Egypt, with the 2nd Battalion, leaving Britain on 30 July 1937.^[2] Gollancz expected her manuscript on their return to Britain in December only she wrote that she was "ashamed to tell y'all that progress is slow on the new novel...There is fiddling likelihood of my bringing back a finished manuscript in December."^[two]

On returning to Great britain in Dec 1937, du Maurier decided to spend Christmas abroad from her family to write the book and she successfully delivered it to her publisher less than four months later.^[two] Du Maurier described the plot as "a sinister tale almost a woman who marries a widower....Psychological and rather macabre."^[two]

Derivation and inspiration [edit]

Some commentators have noted parallels with Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre.^{[3] [four]} Another of du Maurier's works, Jamaica Inn, is also linked to one of the Brontë sisters' works, Emily's Wuthering Heights. Du Maurier commented publicly in her lifetime that the book was based on her own memories of Menabilly and Cornwall, as well equally her relationship with her father.^[5]

While du Maurier "categorised Rebecca as a study in jealousy...she admitted its origins in her own life to few."^[ii] Her husband had been "engaged before—to glamorous, dark-haired Jan Ricardo. The suspicion that Tommy remained attracted to Ricardo haunted Daphne."^[2] In The Rebecca Notebook of 1981, du Maurier "'remembered' Rebecca's gestation … Seeds began to driblet. A cute home...a offset wife...jealousy, a wreck, perhaps at sea, almost to the house... But something terrible would have to happen, I did non know what..."^[2] She wrote in her notes prior to writing: 'I want to build upwards the character of the first [married woman] in the mind of the second...until married woman 2 is haunted twenty-four hours and dark...a tragedy is looming very close and CRASH! Bang! something happens.'"^[2]

Du Maurier and her married man, "Tommy Browning, like Rebecca and Maximilian de Winter, were not faithful to ane another." Subsequent to the novel'south publication, "Jan Ricardo, tragically, died during the 2d Globe War. She threw herself under a train."^[2]

Childhood visits to Milton Hall, Cambridgeshire (then in Northamptonshire) home of the Wentworth-Fitzwilliam family, may have influenced the descriptions of Manderley.^[half-dozen]

Literary technique [edit]

The famous opening line of the book "Terminal night I dreamt I went to Manderley again." is an iambic hexameter. The concluding line of the volume "And the ashes blew towards us with the salt wind from the body of water" is too in metrical form; nigh just not quite an anapestic tetrameter.

Plagiarism allegations [edit]

Shortly after Rebecca was published in Brazil, critic Álvaro Lins pointed out many resemblances betwixt du Maurier's book and the piece of work of Brazilian author Carolina Nabuco. Nabuco's A Sucessora (The Successor), published in 1934, has a main plot similar to Rebecca, for example a young woman marrying a widower and the strange presence of the commencement wife—plot features likewise shared with the far older Jane Eyre.^[seven] Nina Auerbach alleged in her volume Daphne du Maurier, Haunted Heiress, that du Maurier read the English version of the Brazilian book when the start drafts were sent to the same publisher equally hers in gild to be published in England, and based her famous best-seller on information technology.

Immediately following a 1941 article in The New York Times Book Review highlighting the two novels' many similarities,^[eight] du Maurier issued a rebuttal in a letter to the editor.^[nine] According to Nabuco'south autobiography, 8 Decades, she (Nabuco) refused to sign an agreement brought to her by a United Artists' representative in which she would concede that the similarities betwixt her book and the movie were mere coincidence.^[10] A further, ironic complication in Nabuco'southward allegations is the similarity betwixt her novel and the novel Encarnação, written by José de Alencar, Brazil'due south virtually historic novelist of the nineteenth century, and published posthumously in 1873.^[eleven]

In 1944, according to The Hollywood Reporter, du Maurier; her U.S. publishers Doubleday; and United Artists, distributors of the picture adaptation, were sued for plagiarism by Edwina Levin MacDonald who declared that du Maurier had copied her 1927 novel Bullheaded Windows, and sought an undisclosed amount of bookkeeping and damages.^[12] The complaint was eventually dismissed on January 14, 1948.^{[xiii] [14]}

Publishing history and reception [edit]

Du Maurier delivered the manuscript to her publisher, Victor Gollancz, in April 1938. On receipt, the book was read in Gollancz's office, and her "editor, Norman Collins, reported simply: 'The new Daphne du Maurier contains everything that the public could want.'"^[two] Gollancz's "reaction to Rebecca was relief and jubilation" and "a 'rollicking success' was predicted by him."^[15] He "did non hang around" and "ordered a get-go print run of 20,000 copies and within a month Rebecca had sold more than twice that number."^[2] The novel has been continuously in print since 1938 and in 1993 "du Maurier's United states publishers Avon estimated ongoing monthly paperback sales of Rebecca at more 4,000 copies."^[2]

Promotion [edit]

Du Maurier "did several radio interviews with BBC and other stations" and "attended Foyle's Literary Dejeuner" in August 1938 while Skillful Housekeeping, Ladies Domicile Journal, and House & Garden published manufactures on du Maurier.^[sixteen]

Reception in the professional and pop printing [edit]

The Times stated that "the material is of the humblest...zip in this is beyond the novelette." In the Christian Scientific discipline Monitor of 14 September 1938, V.S. Pritchett predicted the novel "would be hither today, gone tomorrow."^[2]

More recently, in a cavalcade for The Contained, the critics Ceri Radford and Chris Harvey recommended the volume and argued that Rebecca is a "marvellously gothic tale" with a adept dose of atmospheric and psychological horror.^[17]

Few critics saw in the novel what the author wanted them to see: the exploration of the relationship between a man who is powerful and a woman who is not.^[18]

Print history [edit]

Rebecca is listed in the 20th-Century American Bestsellers descriptive bibliography database maintained past the University of Illinois. The entry, by Katherine Huber, provided the detailed information on the English language and American editions every bit well as translations listed below.

English editions [edit]

Edition	Edition date and identify	Publisher and printing	# Impressions	Press/Impression	Date of Printing	# Copies	Price
English language 1st	Baronial 1938, London	Gollancz	At least 9	1st	Baronial 1938	20,000
English 1st	August 1938, London	Gollancz	At least nine	2d	1938	10,000
English 1st	Baronial 1938, London	Gollancz	At least 9	3rd	1938	15,000
English 1st	August 1938, London	Gollancz	At to the lowest degree 9	4th	1938	xv,000
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	1st	Earlier publication in 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc. at the State Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	2d	Earlier publication in 1938		$ii.75 The states
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden Metropolis, NY	At to the lowest degree 10	third	Before publication in 1938		$2.75 United states
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc. at the Country Life Printing in Garden Urban center, NY	At to the lowest degree 10	4th	four October 1938		$2.75 U.s.a.
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Land Life Press in Garden Metropolis, NY	At least 10	5th	7 October 1938		$ii.75 Usa
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden Urban center, NY	At least 10	6th	17 October 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least ten	seventh	Between 18 October and ten Nov 1938		$2.75 United states of america
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden City, NY	At to the lowest degree 10	8th	11 November 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Printing in Garden City, NY	At least 10	ninth	18 November 1938		$2.75 US
29 subsequent editions	Between 1939–1993	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc.
	1938	Blakiston Co.
	1938	Book League of America
	1938	J.K. Ferguson
	1938	Literary Guild of America
	1938	P.F. Collier & Son, Corp
	1939	Ladies' Habitation Journal (condensed)
	1940	Garden City Publishing Co.
	1941	Editions for the War machine
	1941	Dominicus Punch Press
	1942	Triangle Books
	1943	The Mod Library
	1943	Pocket Books
	1945	Ryeson Press
	1947	Albatross
	1950	Studio
	1953	Central
	1954	International Collector's Library
	1957	Longmans
	1960	Ulverscroft
	1962	Penguin Books
	1965	Washington Square Printing
	1971	Avon Books
	1975	Pan Books
	1980	Octopus/Heinemann (published with Jamaica Inn and My Cousin Rachel, also past du Maurier)
	1987	The Franklin Library
	1991	The Page Society
	1992	Arrow
	1993	Compact
	1994	Reader's Digest Association (condensed)

Translations [edit]

Language	Translator	Yr	Title	Publisher
Chinese		1972	Hullo Tieh Meng	Tíai-nan, Tíai-wan: Hsin shih chi chíu pan she
Chinese		1979	Hu die meng	Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Jing
Chinese		1980	Hu tieh meng: Rebecca	Hsin-chich (Hong Kong): Hung Kuang she tien
Chinese, 11 other editions
Finnish	Helvi Vasara	1938	Rebekka	Porvoo/Juva: WSOY, ten editions by 2008
French	Denise Van Moppès	1939	Rebecca: roman	Paris: A. Michel
French		1975	Rebecca	Paris: Club Chez Nous
French		1984	Rebecca	Paris: Librairie Generale Francaise
French	Anouk Neuhoff	2015	Rebecca	Paris: A. Michel
Italian		1940	Rebecca: la prima moglie	Milano: A. Mondadori
Ukrainian	Henyk Bielakov	2017	Rebekka	Kharkiv: Klub simeynoho dozvillia
Japanese		1939	Rebekka	Tokyo: Mikasa Shobo
Japanese		1949	Rebekka: Wakaki Musume No Shuki	Tokyo: Daviddosha
Japanese		1971	Rebekka	Tokyo: Shincosta
Russian		1991	Rebekka: roman	Riga: Folium
Russian		1992	Rebekka	Riga: Riya
Russian		1992	Rebekka: roman	Izhevsk: Krest
Russian		1992	Rebekka	Moskva. Dom
Russian		1992	Rebekka: roman	Kiev: Muza
German		1940	Rebecca: Roman	Hamburg: Deutsche Hausbücherei
High german		1940	Rebecca: Roman	Saarbrücken: Social club der Buchfreunde
German		1946	Rebecca: Roman	Hamburg: Wolfgang Krüger
German		1994	Rebecca: Roman	Wien: Eastward. Kaiser
8 other German editions
Portuguese		1977	Rebecca, a mulher inesquecivel	São Paulo: Companhia Editura Nacional
Spanish		1965	Rebeca, una mujer inolvidable	Mexico: Editora Latin Americana
Castilian		1969	Rebeca	United mexican states: Eiditorial Diana
Castilian		1971	Rebeca	Barcelona: Plaza & Janés Editores S.A
Castilian		1976	Rebeca	Barcelona: Orbis
Spanish		1991	Rebeca	Madrid: Ediciones La Nave
Swedish	Dagny Henschen & Hilda Holmberg; 1970 Gunvor V. Blomqvist	1939	Rebecca	Stockholm: Geber, Tiden
Persian		1977	Rebecca	Tehran: Amir Kabir
Persian		1980	Rebecca	Iran: Amir Kabir Press Co.
Persian		1990	Ribika	Tehran: Nashr-i Jahnnama
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária		A Manderley ház asszonya	Singer és Wolfner Irodalmi Intézet Rt.
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária	1986	A Manderley ház asszonya	Európa Könyvkiadó
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária	2011	A Manderley ház asszonya	Gabo
Romanian		1993	Rebecca: Roman	Bucuresti: Editura Orizonturi
Romanian	Mihnea Columbeanu	2012	Rebecca	Bucuresti: Editura Orizonturi
Smoothen	Eleonora Romanowicz	1958[xix]	Rebeka	Warszawa: Iskry
Greek		1960	Revekka: mytgustirema	Athenai: Ekdosies Dem, Darema
Latvian		1972	Rebeka: romans	Bruklina: Gramatudraugs
Dutch		1941	Rebecca	Leiden: AW Sijthoff
Czech	J. B. Šuber	1939	Mrtvá a Živá: [Rebeka]	Praha: Evropský literární klub

Awards [edit]

In the U.S., du Maurier won the National Book Laurels for favourite novel of 1938, voted past members of the American Booksellers Association.^[20] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 14 on the United kingdom survey The Big Read.^[21]

In 2017, it was voted the UK'southward favourite book of the past 225 years in a poll by bookseller W H Smith. Other novels in the shortlist were To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Pride and Prejudice past Jane Austen, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, and 1984 past George Orwell.^[22]

Adaptations [edit]

Film [edit]

The best known of the theatrical film adaptations is the University Laurels–winning 1940 Alfred Hitchcock film version Rebecca,^[23] the first film Hitchcock made under his contract with David O. Selznick. The film, which starred Laurence Olivier as Maxim, Joan Fontaine as his wife, and Dame Judith Anderson as Mrs. Danvers, was based on the novel. However, the Hollywood Product Code required that if Maxim had murdered his wife, he would have to exist punished for his crime. Therefore, the central turning indicate of the novel—the revelation that Maxim, in fact, murdered Rebecca—was altered and then that information technology seemed every bit if Rebecca's death was accidental. This change had not been made in Orson Welles' previous radio play which included a promotion of the film. At the finish of the moving-picture show version, Mrs. Danvers perishes in the fire, which she had started. The film quickly became a classic, and at the time, was a major technical achievement in movie-making.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In 2020, in that location was a Netflix adaptation, directed by Ben Wheatley and written by Jane Goldman, starring Lily James every bit the second Mrs. de Winter, Armie Hammer as Maxim, and Kristin Scott Thomas as Mrs. Danvers.^{[24] [25] [26]}

Television [edit]

Pan United kingdom paperback edition embrace (showing Joanna David as Mrs de Winter from the BBC television production. Jeremy Brett played the role of Maxim de Winter.)

Rebecca was adjusted for The Philco Television Playhouse (10 October 1948), with Mary Anderson and Bramwell Fletcher;^[27] Robert Montgomery Presents (22 May 1950), with Barbara Bel Geddes and Peter Cookson;^[28] and Broadway Tv Theatre (one September 1952), with Patricia Breslin and Scott Forbes.^[29]

Theatre '62 presented an NBC-TV adaptation starring James Mason every bit Saying, Joan Hackett as the 2d Mrs. de Winter, and Nina Foch as Mrs. Danvers.^[30]

Rebecca, a 1979 BBC adaptation, was directed by Simon Langton and starred Jeremy Brett equally Maxim, Joanna David as the second Mrs de Winter, and Anna Massey (Jeremy Brett's former married woman) as Mrs Danvers. It ran for iv 55-infinitesimal episodes. Information technology was broadcast in the United States on PBS as part of its Mystery! series.

Rebecca, a 1997 Carlton Tv drama serial, starred Emilia Play a joke on (Joanna David'southward girl, in the same function played by her mother in 1979), Charles Trip the light fantastic toe as de Winter, and Dame Diana Rigg as Mrs Danvers. It was directed by Jim O'Brien, with a screenplay by Arthur Hopcraft. Information technology was broadcast in the United States by PBS every bit part of Masterpiece Theatre. This accommodation is noteworthy for featuring an appearance past Rebecca, played by Lucy Cohu. It as well shows Saying saving Mrs Danvers from the burn down, ending with an epilogue showing Maxim and the second Mrs de Winter relaxing away, as she explains what she and Saying do with their days at present they are unlikely ever to render to Manderley.

In 2008, a two-part Italian Tv set adaption, loosely based on the novel and named Rebecca, la prima moglie, aired on the national public broadcaster RAI. The episodes feature Alessio Boni as Maxim de Wintertime, Cristiana Capotondi as Jennifer de Winter and Mariangela Melato as Mrs. Danvers.^[31] The mini-serial was filmed in Trieste.^[32]

Noor Pur Ki Rani, an Urdu linguistic communication Pakistani drama television series adaptation directed past Haissam Hussain and dramatized by Pakistani writer and writer Samira Fazal, was circulate on Hum TV in 2009. The main role was played past Sanam Baloch.^[33]

Radio [edit]

The beginning adaptation of Rebecca for any medium was presented 9 December 1938, by Orson Welles, as the debut plan of his live CBS Radio serial The Campbell Playhouse (the sponsored continuation of The Mercury Theatre on the Air). Introducing the story, Welles refers to the forthcoming motility picture adaptation past David O. Selznick; at the conclusion of the show he interviews Daphne du Maurier in London via shortwave radio. The novel was adjusted by Howard E. Koch.^{[34] : 348} Welles and Margaret Sullavan starred every bit Max de Wintertime and the 2nd Mrs de Winter. Other cast included Mildred Natwick (Mrs Danvers), Ray Collins (Frank Crawley), George Coulouris (Captain Searle), Frank Readick (as Ben), Alfred Shirley (Frith), Eustace Wyatt (Coroner) and Agnes Moorehead (Mrs Van Hopper).^{[35] [36]} Bernard Herrmann equanimous and conducted the score, which afterward formed the basis of his score for the 1943 film Jane Eyre.^{[37] : 67}

The Screen Guild Theater presented one-half-hour adaptions with Joan Fontaine, her hubby at the time Brian Aherne, and Agnes Moorehead (31 May 1943), and with Loretta Young, John Lund and Agnes Moorehead (18 November 1948).^{[38] [39]} Joan Fontaine and Joseph Cotten performed a half-hour adaptation 1 October 1946 on The Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players.^[40]

The Lux Radio Theatre presented hour-long adaptations with Ronald Colman, Ida Lupino and Judith Anderson (3 February 1941), and with Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh and Betty Blythe (6 November 1950).^{[41] [42]} These were necktie-ins to the Hitchcock film, and perpetuated the censorship of the novel which the Hays Office had imposed on that film, although Orson Welles' radio version which predated the motion picture (and including a promotion for the film) was faithful to the original, asserting that Max de Wintertime had deliberately murdered Rebecca.^[43]

Theatre [edit]

Du Maurier herself adapted Rebecca every bit a stage play in 1939; it had a successful London run in 1940 of over 350 performances.^{[44] [45]} The Talking Books for the blind edition read by Barbara Caruso borrows heavily from this phase adaptation which differs materially from the novel in many respects including changing the iconic catastrophe of the novel.^[46]

A Broadway stage adaptation starring Diana Barrymore, Bramwell Fletcher and Florence Reed ran 18 January – three February 1945, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.^[47]

A musical accommodation, Rebecca, opened in Austria in 2006 and ran for 3 years. It has been produced in various cities around Europe, as well equally Tokyo.^[48]

Opera [edit]

Rebecca was adapted equally an opera with music past Wilfred Josephs, premiered past Opera North in Leeds, England, 15 October 1983.^[49]

Sequels and related works [edit]

The novel has inspired iii boosted books canonical past the du Maurier estate:

• Mrs de Winter (1993) by Susan Loma. (ISBN 978-0-09-928478-nine)
• The Other Rebecca (1996) by Maureen Freely. (ISBN 978-0-89733-477-8)
• Rebecca'due south Tale (2001) by Sally Beauman (ISBN 978-0-06-621108-4)

In addition, a number of fan fiction websites feature sequels, prequels, and adaptations of this novel.

As a code key in World War II [edit]

1 edition of the book was used by the Germans in World War 2 as the key to a book code.^[fifty] Sentences would be made using unmarried words in the book, referred to by page number, line and position in the line. I copy was kept at Rommel's headquarters,^[50] and the other was carried by German language Abwehr agents infiltrated into Cairo afterwards crossing Arab republic of egypt by automobile, guided past Count László Almásy.^{[ citation needed ]} This code never was used, however, because the radio section of the headquarters was captured in a skirmish and hence the Germans suspected that the code was compromised.^[51]

This use of the book is referred to in Ken Follett's novel The Key to Rebecca—where a (fictional) spy does use it to pass critical information to Rommel.^[52] This use was also referenced in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English Patient.^[53]

Notable cultural references [edit]

Literature [edit]

The character of Mrs Danvers is alluded to numerous times throughout Stephen King's Bag of Bones. In the book, Mrs Danvers serves equally something of a bogeyman for the chief grapheme Mike Noonan.

In Jasper Fforde'due south Thursday Adjacent series, thousands of Mrs Danvers clones are created.

Television [edit]

The 1970 Parallel Time storyline of the Gothic lather opera Dark Shadows was heavily inspired past Rebecca including the costume ball scene. The 2nd Dark Shadows motility pic Nighttime of Night Shadows also took inspiration from the novel.

The film was parodied on The Ballad Burnett Show in a 1972 skit called "Rebecky", with Carol Burnett equally the heroine, Daphne; Harvey Korman as Max "de Wintry" and in the guise of Mother Marcus as Rebecky de Wintry; and Vicki Lawrence as Mrs Dampers.^{[54] [55]}

Some other parody of the famed story is found in the second serial of the sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Look from 2008. The sketch, which stars Robert Webb as Saying, David Mitchell as Mrs Danvers, and Jo Neary as Rebecca, explores an alternate arroyo to a filmatization of the novel. Here, the story is narrated past Rebecca, who is haunted by the household's anticipation of a second Mrs De Winter. ^{[56] [57]}

The plots of certain Latin-American soap operas have likewise been inspired past the novel, such as Manuela (Argentina),^[58] Infierno en el paraíso (United mexican states),^[59] the Venezuelan telenovela Julia and its remake El Fantasma de Elena on Telemundo, and "La Sombra de Belinda" a telenovela from Puerto Rico.

Music [edit]

Meg & Dia's Meg Frampton penned a song titled "Rebecca", inspired past the novel.

Kansas alumnus Steve Walsh'due south solo recording Glossolalia includes a song titled "Rebecca", including the lyrics "I suppose I was the lucky i, returning similar a wayward son to Manderley, I'd never exist the same...".

Steve Hackett included a song titled "Rebecca" on his album To Watch the Storms.

Taylor Swift's song "Tolerate Information technology", featured on her album Evermore, is inspired past the novel.^[threescore]

Fashion [edit]

In 2013, Devon watchmakers Du Maurier Watches, founded by the grandson of Daphne du Maurier, released a limited edition collection of 2 watches inspired past the characters from the novel—The Rebecca and The Maxim.^[61]

Critical reception [edit]

On five November 2019, the BBC News listed Rebecca on its listing of the 100 nigh inspiring novels.^[62]

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Charles L.P. Silet. "Daphne DuMaurier'due south Rebecca". The Strand Magazine.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f m h i j k l m n o p q} Dennison, Matthew (19 April 2008), "How Daphne Du Maurier Wrote Rebecca", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 27 Feb 2018 .
3. ^ Yardley, Jonathan (16 March 2004). "Du Maurier'due south 'Rebecca,' A Worthy 'Eyre' Apparent". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
4. ^ "Presence of Orson Welles in Robert Stevenson's Jane Eyre (1944)". Literature Film Quarterly. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007.
5. ^ "Bull's-Center for Bovarys". Time. two February 1942. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
6. ^ "Milton Park and the Fitzwilliam Family" (PDF). Five Villages, Their People and Places: A History of the Villages of Castor, Ailsworth, Marholm with Milton, Upton and Sutton. p. 230. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 28 Feb 2010.
7. ^ Lins, Álvaro (1941), Jornal de crítica [Periodical of criticism] (in Portuguese), BR: José Olympio, pp. 234–36 .
8. ^ Grant, Frances R. (sixteen November 1941). "An Extraordinary Parallel Betwixt Miss du Maurier'southward "Rebecca" and a Brazilian Novel; Literary Coincidence". The New York Times.
9. ^ "' Rebecca' Publisher Denies Any 'Parallel'". The New York Times. 21 Nov 1941.
10. ^ "Tiger in a Lifeboat, Panther in a Lifeboat: A Furor Over a Novel", The New York Times, 6 November 2002, archived from the original on 23 July 2010 .
11. ^ Souza, Daniel Nolasco; Borges, Valdeci Rezende (2006). "Intertextualidade em Encarnação de José de Alencar e A Sucessora, de Carolina Nabuco" (PDF). Anais Eletrônicos do XIV Seminário de Iniciação Científica (in Portuguese).
12. ^ The Hollywood Reporter, January 13, 1944
13. ^ The Fresno Bee Republican, January 17, 1948 – run into e.g. here Archived August 7, 2012, at the Wayback Car
14. ^ "MacDONALD v. DU MAURIER". leagle.com . Retrieved 18 January 2022.
15. ^ Beauman, Sally (2003), "Introduction", Rebecca, London: Virago .
16. ^ Huber, Katherine, "Du Maurier, Daphne: Rebecca", 20th-Century American Bestsellers, Academy of Illinois, archived from the original on 16 Dec 2013, retrieved 4 July 2013 .
17. ^ "The twoscore all-time books to read during lockdown". The Independent. sixteen October 2021.
18. ^ Forster, Margaret, Daphne du Maurier .
19. ^ Du Maurier, Daphne; Romanowicz-Podoska, Eleonora (ten May 2018). "Rebeka". Iskry – via blastoff.bn.org.pl Library Catalog.
20. ^ "Volume Almost Plants Receives Award: Dr. Fairchild'southward 'Garden' Work Cited past Booksellers", The New York Times, p. twenty, 15 February 1939, Du Maurier participating in the Hotel Astor luncheon by transatlantic telephone from London to New York. She called for writers and distributors to offset, in the literary earth, the contemporary trials of civilisation in the political world.
21. ^ The Big Read, BBC, April 2003, archived from the original on 31 Oct 2012, retrieved 19 Oct 2012 .
22. ^ W H Smith names Rebecca the nation's favourite book, The Bookseller, June 2017, archived from the original on 6 June 2017, retrieved 2 June 2017 .
23. ^ Hitchcock, Alfred (12 April 1940), Rebecca (Drama, Mystery, Romance, Thriller), Laurence Olivier, Joan Fontaine, George Sanders, Judith Anderson, Selznick International Pictures, retrieved thirteen October 2020
24. ^ "Deadline". 14 November 2018.
25. ^ Wheatley, Ben (21 Oct 2020), Rebecca (Drama, Mystery, Romance, Thriller), Lily James, Armie Hammer, Keeley Hawes, Kristin Scott Thomas, Netflix, Working Title Films, retrieved 13 Oct 2020
26. ^ "Rebecca | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com . Retrieved 13 October 2020.
27. ^ "Philco Television Playhouse". Classic Goggle box Archive. Retrieved fourteen Oct 2015.
28. ^ "Robert Montgomery Presents". Classic Television Archive. Retrieved fourteen October 2015.
29. ^ "Broadway Television Theatre". Classic Television set Archive. Retrieved 14 Oct 2015.
30. ^ Rebecca (1962) (TV), Internet Pic Database. Retrieved viii October 2013.
31. ^ "Rebecca, la prima moglie". RaiPlay (in Italian). Retrieved nine June 2021.
32. ^ "«Rebecca»: il primo ciak a Trieste - Il Piccolo". Archivio - Il Piccolo (in Italian). Retrieved 9 June 2021.
33. ^ "Noorpur ki Rani to highlight social bug". www.dnaindia.com . Retrieved 17 January 2021.
34. ^ Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum, This Is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0-06-016616-9
35. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse: Rebecca". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. Retrieved xxx July 2018.
36. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on half-dozen December 2014. Retrieved xxx November 2014.
37. ^ Smith, Steven C., A Center at Burn down's Middle: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991 ISBN 0-520-07123-9
38. ^ "Screen Order Theater". Internet Annal. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
39. ^ "The Screen Society Radio Programs". Digital Deli Likewise. Retrieved thirty June 2015.
40. ^ "Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on iv March 2016. Retrieved vii November 2015.
41. ^ "The Lux Radio Theatre". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 Oct 2015.
42. ^ "Lux Radio Theatre 1950". Cyberspace Archive. Retrieved fourteen October 2015.
43. ^ Orson Welles. Rebecca (mp3) (radio drama). Campbell Playhouse. Result occurs at 12/9/38. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
44. ^ "Rebecca", Reviews, du Maurier, archived from the original on 4 July 2008 .
45. ^ "du Maurier", Classic Movies (contour), Turner
46. ^ D'Monté, Rebecca (2009). "Origin and Ownership: Pic and Idiot box Adaptations of Daphne du Maurier'south Rebecca". In Carroll, Rachel (ed.). Accommodation in Contemporary Civilisation: Textual Infidelities. London: Continuum. ISBN9780826424648. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018.
47. ^ "Rebecca". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
48. ^ "Inside One of Broadway'due south Biggest Scandals – How Rebecca the Musical Made Headlines Without Even Opening (Still...)".
49. ^ The Times, p. xv, col A, 17 October 1983, commodity CS252153169 .
50. ^ ^{a b} Andriotakis, Pamela (xv December 1980). "The Real Spy'southward Story Reads Like Fiction and twoscore Years Later Inspires a Best-Seller". People archive. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 28 Feb 2010.
51. ^ "KV 2/1467". The National Athenaeum. Archived from the original on fourteen April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
52. ^ "The Primal to Rebecca". Ken Follett. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
53. ^ "The English Patient – Affiliate 6". Spark Notes. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 Feb 2010.
54. ^ Video on YouTube
55. ^ Video on YouTube
56. ^ Video on YouTube
57. ^ Video on YouTube
58. ^ "Manuela". Il Mondo dei doppiatori, Zona soap opera due east telenovelas (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
59. ^ "Telenovelas A–Z: Infierno en el paraíso" [Soap operas A–Z: Hell in paradise]. Univision (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
60. ^ "The book 'Rebecca' inspired this Taylor Swift vocal - Times of India". The Times of India . Retrieved six January 2021.
61. ^ House, Christian. "Daphne du Maurier e'er said her novel Rebecca was a study in jealousy" Archived 15 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, London, 17 August 2013. Retrieved on six October 2013.
62. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 Nov 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC'southward year-long celebration of literature.

External links [edit]

• Rebecca at the British Library
• "Rebecca", Literapedia (book notes), Wikispaces, archived from the original on three November 2016, retrieved 26 May 2008 .
• Rebecca at IMDb
• "Rebecca" (9 December 1938) on The Campbell Playhouse, with Orson Welles and Margaret Sullavan (Indiana University Bloomington)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(novel)

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